Changes in Adolescence

PHYSICAL
The process of rapid physical changes in adolescence is called puberty. It starts gradually, from around eleven years for girls and thirteen for boys. The age at which puberty starts has been dropping in most countries, probably due to better nutrition. So, your children may hit puberty earlier than you did. The hormone changes responsible actually begin some years earlier and may produce periods of moodiness and restlessness. Girls start these changes before boys and will, for the first three or four years, appear to be maturing much faster. After this, boys catch up.
These changes include: For girls: menstrual periods, growth of under-arm, body and pubic hair. For boys: voice breaks (becomes deeper), growth of body and pubic hair, facial hair, erections and wet dreams. For both: Rapid physical growth.
By the age of 17, they'll be young men and women who may be bigger than their parents and capable of having children themselves. In spite of this, they often still need support from you.
It is not surprising that, with the speed of these changes, some adolescents become very concerned about their appearance. They may need a lot of reassurance, especially if they are not growing or maturing as quickly as their friends.
They and their parents may worry less if they remember that there's a lot of difference in the ages at which these changes occur.
Growth and development uses a lot of energy, and this may be why teenagers often seem to need so much sleep. Their getting-up late may be irritating, but it may well not be just laziness.
Psychological
As well as growing taller, starting to shave or having periods, people of this age start to think and feel differently. They make close relationships outside the family, with friends of their own age. Relationships within the family also change. Parents become less important in their children's eyes as their life outside the family develops.
Real disagreements emerge for the first time as young people develop views of their own that are often not shared by their parents. · As everybody knows, adolescents spend a lot of time in each other's company, or on the telephone to each other. Although this can be irritating to parents, it is an important way of becoming more independent. These friendships are part of learning how to get on with other people and gaining a sense of identity that is distinct from that of the family. Clothes and appearance are a way of expressing solidarity with friends, although teenage children are still more likely to get their values from the family.
Parents often feel rejected, and in a sense they are. But this is often necessary for young people to develop their own identity. Even if you have rows and arguments, your children will usually think a lot of you. The rejections and conflicts are often not to do with your personalities, but simply with the fact that you are parents, from whom your children must become independent if they are to have their own life. · As they become more independent, young people want to try out new things, but often recognise that they have little experience to fall back on when things get difficult. This may produce rapid changes in self-confidence and behaviour - feeling very adult one minute, very young and inexperienced the next.
Being upset, feeling ill or lacking confidence can make them feel vulnerable. They may show this with sulky behaviour rather than obvious distress. Parents have to be pretty flexible to deal with all this, and may feel under considerable strain themselves.
Adolescence is the time when people first start in earnest to learn about the world and to find their place in it. This involves trying out new experiences, some of which may be risky or even dangerous.
Young people can crave excitement in a way that most adults find difficult to understand - and exciting activities may be dangerous. Fortunately, most people manage to find their excitement in music, sport, or other activities that involve a lot of energy but little real physical risk.
When they do experiment - with drink or drugs or smoking - it is usually with friends. If a young person does this alone, they are in much greater danger. Warnings from older adolescents will usually be taken more seriously than those from parents.

Emotional Problems
Over-eating, excessive sleepiness and a persistent over-concern with appearance may be signs of emotional distress.
Anxiety may produce phobias and panic attacks. Recent research suggests that emotional disorders are often not recognised, even by family and friends. Depression
At some time, 4 out of 10 adolescents have felt so miserable that they have cried and have wanted to get away from everyone and everything.
During their adolescence, more than 1 in 5 teenagers think so little of themselves that life does not seem worth living. In spite of these powerful feelings, depression may not be obvious to other people.

Strengths and Concerns of Childhood

Child
· Has good physical health and nutrition
· Has good eating habits
· Is developing a sense of responsibility for personal health
· Has regular oral health care
· Engages in physical activities
· Has positive attitude
· Feels loved and valued by parents and other adults
· Has one or more close friends
· Is developing social competence
· Expresses feelings
· Enjoys life and has joyful experiences
· Participates in social activities
· Has personal sense of competence
· Has high self-esteem and expects personal success
· Has opportunities for new challenges
· Feels comfortable asking questions of parents and teachers
· Works hard in school
· Has positive role models

Family
· Meets child’s basic needs (food, shelter, clothing, safety, health care)
· Provides strong, nurturing family
· Provides safe environment (e.g., smoke alarms, car booster seat or safety belt)
· Enjoys child
· Responds to child‘s developmental needs
· Encourages good communication
· Spends individual time with child
· Praises and takes pride in child’s achievements
· Affirms child‘s feeling of being loved
· Helps child develop social competence
· Possesses working knowledge of child health and development
· Serves nutritious family meals regularly
· Reinforces health as a family priority
· Allows age-appropriate autonomy
· Protects child against excessive stress
· Provides value system, good parental role models
· Promotes cooperation among siblings
· Has support of extended family and others
· Encourages participation in community

ISSUES DURING MIDDLE CHILDHOOD:

Child
· School concerns (learning disabilities, underachievement, difficulty completing homework, frequent school absence or tardiness/school avoidance, lack of motivation)
· Behavioral concerns (hyperactivity, inability to concentrate, temper outbursts, lying, aggression, fighting, stealing, vandalism, fire-setting, cruelty, violence)
· Peer concerns (inability to get along with other children, lack of friends, excessive shyness)
· Emotional concerns (separation problems, depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, threat of suicide)
· Risk-taking behavior (sexual activity, use of alcohol, drugs, or tobacco)
· Weight and height concerns (short stature, obesity, eating disorders)
· Physical inactivity
· Chronic illness
· Physical complaints
· Tics
· Developmental delays